Physical Education - Year 10

Physical Education Overview

Term 1: Applied Anatomy & Physiology - Skeleton, Joints & Joint Actions Movement Analysis

Students will learn about the skeleton. Following this they will learn about joints and joint actions.This then progresses on to developing an understanding of levers, planes and axes. Next in the unit, students will learn about muscles and muscle actions.

  1. Written exam paper to assess knowledge, application and evaluation skills using a range of multiple choice, short answer and extended answer questions. Students will be assessed on the following topics:-

    Skeleton, Joints, Joint Actions, Levers, Planes and Axes, Muscles and Muscle Actions.

Abduction

Movement where limbs are moved away from the midline of the body

Adduction

Movement where limbs are moved back towards the midline of the body

Ball & Socket

A type of joint that allows movements in many directions

Blood Cell Production

Long bones produce blood cells

Bursa

Fluid filled sac that helps reduce friction at a joint

Capsule

Tough fibrous tissue, surrounds synovial joints, supported by ligaments

Cartilage

Covers the end of bones, provides a smooth surface, reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber

Cruciate Ligaments

Ligaments that attach the femur to the tibia

Dislocation

When the bones of a joint separate from their usual position

Dorsi Flexion

Movement at the ankle where the toes are pulled up

Extension

Movement where the angle at the joint increases

Flat Bones

Bones that protect organs, sternum, cranium & scapula

Flexion

Movement where the angle of the joint reduces

Hinge Joint

Joint that allows flexion and extension

Irregular Bones

Bones of different sizes e.g. the spine

Joint

Place where 2 or more bones meet

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone

Long Bones

The bones of the legs and arms. Long bones support the weight of the body and help with gross movements.

Meniscus

Cartilage acting as a shock absorber

Mineral Storage

Minerals are stored in bones

Movement

Muscles contract to pull the bones of the skeleton.

Plantar Flexion

Movement at the ankle where the toes are pointed

Protection

Some bones surround and protect vital organs in place

Flexibility

A measure of flexibility of a joint

Red Blood Cells

Carry oxygen to muscles

Rotation

Movement along the longitudinal axis of a limb

Short Bones

Bones of the hand / fingers

Support

Bones keep us upright and hold muscles and organs in place

Synovial Fluid

Lubricates the joint

Synovial Joint

Type of joint commonly found in limbs.

Synovial Membrane

Surrounds the joint and produces synovial fluid

Tendon

Attaches muscle to bone

Vertebrae

Bones that form the spine

White Blood Cells

Fight infections

1st Class Lever

Found at the elbow, where the triceps cause extension LFE

2nd Class Lever

Found at the ankle where the gastrocnemius causes plantar flexion ELF

3rd Class Lever

Majority of levers found in the body bicep causing flexion LEF

Agonist

Prime mover – causes movement

Antagonist

Muscle that relaxes to allow movement

Biceps

Muscle causes flexion at the elbow

Concentric

Muscle shortens

Deltoid

Muscle causing flexion at the shoulder

Eccentric

Muscle lengthens

Effort

The force applied to move the resistance or load

Frontal Plane

Cuts the body into front and back halves

Fulcrum

The part of the lever system that pivots

Gastrocnemius

Muscle causing plantar flexion at the ankle

Gluteals

Agonists at the hip

Hamstrings

Muscles that cause the knee to flex

Hip Flexors

Agonists at the hips

Isometric

Muscle action where the muscle stays the same length

Isotonic

Muscle action where the muscle changes length

Latissimus dorsi

Muscle causing extension at the shoulder

Longitudinal Axis

Axis goes through head to feet

Mechanical Advantage

The benefit of having a short or long lever

Quadriceps

Muscles that causes extension at the knee

Resistance

The load to be moved

Rotator Cuff

Group of muscles causing rotation at the shoulder

Sagittal Axis

Axis goes through belly button

Sagittal Plane

Cuts the body into right and left halves

Tendons

Attach muscle to bone

Tibialis Anterior

Muscle causing dorsi flexion at the ankle

Transverse Axis

Axis goes through hips

Transverse Plane

Cuts the body into top and bottom halves

Triceps

Muscle that causes extension at the elbow

  • Spiritual
  • Moral
  • Social
  • Cultural
Develop the individual:

Students learn about how the body works in different situations. Through learning more about the human body students should value their body more and aim to maintain or improve health and fitness.

Create a supportive community:

Teacher support through individual tasks and peer support through group work will develop a positive culture in the classroom.

Term 2: Cardio-Respiratory System - Applied Anatomy & Physiology

Students will learn about the following topics: Gaseous exchange, the mechanics of breathing, lung volumes, the structure & function of blood vessels, the structure of the heart and the cardiac cycle.

  1. Written exam paper to assess knowledge, application and evaluation skills using a range of multiple choice, short answer and extended answer questions. Students will be assessed on the following topics:-

    The respiratory system and the cardiac system.

Abdominal Muscles

The muscles which help force air out of the lungs

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs found in the lungs

Anticpatory Rise

An increase in HR before exercise due to a release of adrenalin

Artery

Carries blood away from the heart

Atria

Upper chambers of the heart that collect blood from the veins

Bronchi

Carries air from the trachea into the lungs

Bronchioles

Carries air from the bronchi to the alveoli

Capillaries

Thin blood vessels that allow gas exchange

Cardiac Cycle

Sequence when the heart beats

Diastole

Relaxation of the heart

Expiratory Reserve Volume

The additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume

Haemoglobin

Protein found in blood, red in colour

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

The additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after the inspiration of a normal tidal volume

Lungs

Pair of large, spongy organs optimised for gas exchange

Oxyhaemoglobin

When oxygen combines with haemoglobin

Residual Volume

The volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

Systole

Contraction of the heart

Tidal Volume

The volume of air breathed in and out during a normal breath at rest

Trachea

Or windpipe, carries air from the mouth to the lungs

Vasoconstriction

Reducing the diameter of the blood vessels to reduce blood flow

Vasodilation

Increasing the diameter of the blood vessels to increase blood flow

Vein

Carries blood towards the heart

Ventricles

Lower chambers of the heart that pump blood out through the arteries

  • Spiritual
  • Moral
  • Social
  • Cultural
Develop the individual:

Students learn about how the body works in different situations. Through learning more about the human body students should value their body more and aim to maintain or improve health and fitness.

Create a supportive community:

Students learn about how the body works in different situations. Through learning more about the human body students should value their body more and aim to maintain or improve health and fitness.

Term 3: Aerobic & Anaerobic Exercise - Applied Anatomy & Physiology

Students will learn about the following topics: Aerobic and anaerobic respiration, EPOC, the effects of exercise - immediate, short and long term and finally, recovery.

  1. Written exam paper to assess knowledge, application and evaluation skills using a range of multiple choice, short answer and extended answer questions. Students will be assessed on the following topics:-

    Warm up, cool down, EPOC, oxygen debt.

Aerobic Exercise

In the presence of oxygen

Anaerobic Exercise

In the absence of oxygen

Bradycardia

Slow heart rate / less than 60bpm

Cool Down

Undertaken after exercise to speed up recovery

Cramp

Involuntary muscle contraction

DOMS

Delayed onset of muscle soreness

EPOC

Increased rate of oxygen intake following strenuous activity

Hypertrophy

Increase in size of muscles / heart

Ice Bath

Immersion in cold water

Lactic Acid

Waste product from anaerobic exercise

Massage

Rubbing and kneading of muscles

Nausea

Feelings of sickness after exercise

Oxygen Debt

Temporary oxygen shortage due to strenuous activity

Rehydration

Replacing lost water and minerals after exercise

  • Spiritual
  • Moral
  • Social
  • Cultural
Develop the individual:

Students learn about how the body works in different situations. Through learning more about the human body students should value their body more and aim to maintain or improve health and fitness.

Create a supportive community:

Students learn about how the body works in different situations. Through learning more about the human body students should value their body more and aim to maintain or improve health and fitness.

Term 4 & 5: Physical Training

Students will learn about the following topics in this unit: The components of fitness, fitness testing, limitations of fitness testing, the principles of training, and the principles of a warm up & cool down.

  1. Written exam paper to assess knowledge, application and evaluation skills using a range of multiple choice, short answer and extended answer questions. Students will be assessed on the following topics:-

    Components of Health Related and Skill Related Fitness, FITT principle and SPOR.

Agility

The ability to move and change direction quickly whilst maintaining control

Balance

The ability to move and change direction quickly whilst maintaining control

Cardio-Vascular Endurance

The ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to the working muscles

Circuit Training

A series of exercises performed one after the other

Continous Training

Exercising for a sustained period of time

Co-ordination

The ability to use two or more body parts smoothly and efficiently

Fitness

The ability to meet the demands of the environment

Flexibilty

The range of movement possible at a joint

Frequency

How often you train

Health

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of diseases

HIIT

High intensity interval training

Intensity

How hard you are working

Interval Training

Training method which incorporates periods of work with periods of rest

Isometric Contraction

Muscle remains the same length

Muscular Endurance

Ability of a muscle or muscle group to undergo repeated contractions avoiding fatigue

One Repitition

Completing one lift

One Set

Completion of a number of reps

Plyometric

Hopping and bounding

Power

The product of strength and speed

Progressive Overload

Working harder than normal whilst gradually and sensibly increasing the intensity

Reaction Time

The time taken to initiate a response to a stimulus

Reversibility

Loss of training gains

Specificity

Relevance of training to your needs

Speed

How fast the body or a limb can move over a period of time

Static Stretching

Stretching to the limit and holding the stretch isometrically

Steady State Exercise

Working continuously at the same intensity

Strength

The ability to overcome a resistance

Tedium

Boredom

Time

How long you train for

Type

Type of training you do

Weight Training

Type of training lifting weights

  • Spiritual
  • Moral
  • Social
  • Cultural
Develop the individual:

Students learn about how the body works in different situations. Through learning more about the human body students should value their body more and aim to maintain or improve health and fitness.

Create a supportive community:

Students learn about how the body works in different situations. Through learning more about the human body students should value their body more and aim to maintain or improve health and fitness.

Term 6: Analysis of Performance

  1. Students will be required to write an extended piece of work which demonstrates detailed knowledge, application and evaluation skills in relation to a chosen activity. Topics to be included are Applied Anatomy & Physiology, Movement Analysis, The Cardiorespiratory System, Aerobic and Anaerobic Systems and Physical Training.
  • Spiritual
  • Moral
  • Social
  • Cultural
Develop the individual:

Create a supportive community: