In this section we will explore how plants harness the Sun’s energy in photosynthesis in order to make food. This process liberates oxygen which has built up over millions of years in the Earth’s atmosphere. Both animals and plants use this oxygen to oxidise food in a process called aerobic respiration which transfers the energy that the organism needs to perform its functions. Conversely, anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen to transfer energy. During vigorous exercise the human body is unable to supply the cells with sufficient oxygen and it switches to anaerobic respiration. This process will supply energy but also causes the build-up of lactic acid in muscles which causes fatigue.
Relating to or requiring an absence of free oxygen.
Relating to or denoting exercise taken to improve the efficiency of the body's cardiovascular system in absorbing and transporting oxygen.
Power derived from the utilisation of physical or chemical resources, especially to provide light and heat or to work machines.
Owing something
Oxygen is an element with the chemical symbol O and atomic number 8. Oxygen is a very reactive element that easily forms compounds such as oxides. Under standard temperature and pressure conditions two oxygen atoms join to form dioxygen (O2), a colourless
Carbon dioxide is a colourless, odourless gas found in our atmosphere. Its chemical formula is CO2, which means it is one carbon atom bonded to two oxygen atoms. It is a waste product in our bodies, and is also produced by burning fossil fuels.
A return to a normal state of health, mind, or strength.
In chemistry, the number of molecules or ions in a given volume of a substance, expressed as moles of solute per litre of solution (molarity).
The complex of physical and chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life. In metabolism some substances are broken down to yield energy for vital processes.
Nutritional Science is the study of the effects of food components on the metabolism, health, performance and disease resistance of human and animals. It also includes the study of human behaviors related to food choices.
Understanding of chemical changes began when people began experimenting with chemical reactions in a systematic way and organising their results logically. Knowing about these different chemical changes meant that scientists could begin to predict exactly what new substances would be formed and use this knowledge to develop a wide range of different materials and processes. It also helped biochemists to understand the complex reactions that take place in living organisms. The extraction of important resources from the Earth makes use of the way that some elements and compounds react with each other and how easily they can be ‘pulled apart’.
Relating to a reaction in which the products have different names and formulas to the reactants.
Relating to chemicals not changing formula or name, only state or appearance.
Negatively charged sub-atomic particle with negligible mass.
The loss of electrons or the gain of oxygen to an element or compound.
The gain of electrons or the loss of oxygen to an element or compound.
Using Carbon to remove oxygen from an element or compound. Often used in metal extraction. E.g. Iron oxide and Carbon react together to form Carbon dioxide and Iron.
The use of electricity to split a compound into it's constituent elements.
Usually a rod made out of carbon or metal that is used to form a positive/negative charge in a liquid during electrolysis.
Synonym for unreactive.
A rock containing metal compounds, used to extract metals.
When an acid and alkali react together to form a salt and water.
A chemical equation in which only the ions which are involved in the reaction are included.
A chemical equation in which the symbols for all reactants and products are included.
A chemical equation in which all the names of the reactants and products are included.
Chemical state refers to whether a substance is solid, liquid. gas or aqueous.
building on prior knowledge, students will learn about the theory and application of electric circuits. This will include series and parallel circuits,resistance, and energy transfers. They will also be asked to investigate resistance in a wire. Units may be taught in rotation.
A material that allows current to flow through it easily, and has a low resistance.
A material that does not allow current to flow easily, and has a high resistance.
If components in a circuit are on the same loop.
If some components are on separate loops.
Power derived from the utilisation of physical or chemical resources, especially to provide light and heat or to work machines.
A flow of electricity which results from the ordered directional movement of electrically charged particles.
An electromotive force or potential difference expressed in volts.
A stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity, found in all atoms and acting as the primary carrier of electricity in solids.
A property of a component, making it difficult for charge to pass through, in ohms (Ω).
Understanding of chemical changes began when people began experimenting with chemical reactions in a systematic way and organising their results logically. Knowing about these different chemical changes meant that scientists could begin to predict exactly what new substances would be formed and use this knowledge to develop a wide range of different materials and processes. It also helped biochemists to understand the complex reactions that take place in living organisms. The extraction of important resources from the Earth makes use of the way that some elements and compounds react with each other and how easily they can be ‘pulled apart’. Students will also consider that energy changes are an important part of chemical reactions. The interaction of particles often involves transfers of energy due to the breaking and formation of bonds. Reactions in which energy is released to the surroundings are exothermic reactions, while those that take in thermal energy are endothermic.
Reaction in which a substance combines with oxygen.
Flow of electric charge, in amperes (A).
In science, conduct means to serve as a channel. For example, water and most metals will conduct electricity.
The gain of electrons or the loss of oxygen to an element or compound.
The use of electricity to split a compound into it's constituent elements.
Usually a rod made out of carbon or metal that is used to form a positive/negative charge in a liquid during electrolysis.
Synonym for unreactive.
A chemical equation in which only the ions which are involved in the reaction are included.
A chemical equation that represents either the oxidation or reduction of an element/compound in a reaction. Two half equations can be combined to form an ionic equation.
Students will consider the fact that cells in the body can only survive within narrow limits. They require a constant temperature, pH and a constant supply of dissolved food and water. In this section we will explore the nervous system and how it can bring about fast responses. We will also explore the hormonal system which usually brings about much slower changes. Hormonal coordination is particularly important in reproduction since it controls the menstrual cycle. An understanding of the role of hormones in reproduction has allowed scientists to develop not only contraceptive drugs but also drugs which can increase fertility.
The tendency towards a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes.
The widening of blood vessels.
Abnormally low blood sugar levels
The narrowing of blood vessels.
A sensor that detects a stimulus.
An organ that secretes hormones.
A change in a condition that the body can detect.
A corrective change that brings the bodily condition back to the normal level.
A neuron or organ that brings about a corrective change
An abnormally low body temperature.
A chemical messenger that travels in the bloodstream.
A hormone which acts to increase blood sugar levels.
A hormone which acts to lower blood glucose levels
Students will consider how electromagnetic effects are used in a wide variety of devices. Engineers make use of the fact that a magnet moving in a coil can produce electric current and also that when current flows around a magnet it can produce movement. It means that systems that involve control or communications can take full advantage of this.
A soft metal core made into a magnet by the passage of electric current through a coil surrounding it.
The electric or magnetic force that acts between oppositely charged bodies, tending to draw them together.
The force that acts between bodies of like electric charge or magnetic polarity, tending to separate them.
The time rate of flow of electric charge, in the direction that a positive moving charge would take and having magnitude equal to the quantity of charge per unit time: measured in amperes.
The strength of a magnetic field.
Region in which magnetic materials feel a force.
Machine that changes electrical energy into kinetic energy through the process of the motor effect
Long coil of wire. Has the same shaped magnetic field as a bar magnet.
The device on a motor that reverses the current in the coil every half a turn so that the motor keeps spinning in one direction.
Students will discover how meiosis produces unique offspring, how gene mutations occur continuously and on rare occasions can affect the functioning of organisms both positively and negatively. In turn we will critique the theory of evolution whilst understanding the idea of survival of the fittest. We will also investigate cloning and genetic engineering.
A unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.
The genetic characters transmitted from parent to offspring, taken collectively.
(reproduction) Not involving the fusion of gametes.
Of, relating to, or involving the union of male and female gametes.
The production of offspring by a sexual or asexual process.
A process in which environmental or genetic influences determine which types of organism thrive better than others, regarded as a factor in evolution.
The mating and production of offspring by animals.
The changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form which may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes.
The process by which different kinds of living organism are believed to have developed from earlier forms during the history of the earth.
C6 Building on prior knowledge students will study the factors that affect the rate of a reaction. C8 Students will study the different ways we can separate chemical substances. This will include a practical investigation on chromatography. Units may be taught on rotation.
(of the effects of a process or condition) Capable of being reversed so that the previous state is restored.
The amount of energy reactant particles require in order to collide successfully and form the product(s) of a reaction.
Not able to be undone or altered.
A substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction.
A chemical process in which substances act mutually on each other and are changed into different substances, or one substance changes into other substances.
A substance that is formed when two or more chemicals react. When a chemical reaction takes place, a new substance is often created from the atoms or molecules of the original substances. There are often multiple products formed in a reaction.
The separating of the components of a mixture based on their solubility.
Examine (something) methodically and in detail, typically in order to explain and interpret it.
When two particles hit each other.
A collision between reactant particles which results in products being formed.
Engineers analyse forces when designing a great variety of machines and instruments, from road bridges and fairground rides to atomic force microscopes. Anything mechanical can be analysed in this way. Recent developments in artificial limbs use the analysis of forces to make movement possible. Units may be taught on rotation.
The force on an object moving through the air that causes it to slow down (also known as drag).
Forces acting on an object that are the same size but act in opposite directions.
The amount by which an object gets longer when a force is applied.
A non-contact force that acts between two masses.
The amount of matter (particles) a thing is made up of.
A piece of equipment used to measure force in newtons.
A force that acts between objects that are not touching.
When forces on an object are opposite and unequal.
The force on an object in a liquid or gas that pushes up.
The amount of force with which gravity pulls something towards the Earth.
The overall force on an object, thinking about direction.
Speeding up.
Slowing down.
Not moving, still.
Same speed, not getting faster or slower.
Building on prior knowledge of the periodic table students will study how to interpret chemical reactions in terms of quantities of reactants.They will be taught how to use the periodic table to predict the outcomes of chemical reactions. Units may be taught in rotation.
A change in which a new substance is formed.
Shows all the elements arranged in rows and columns.
Features of the way a substance reacts with other substances.
A substance made out of only one type of atom.
Relating to a reaction in which the products have different names and formulas to the reactants.
A substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction.
A substance that is formed when two or more chemicals react. When a chemical reaction takes place, a new substance is often created from the atoms or molecules of the original substances. There are often multiple products formed in a reaction.
A thing that is composed of two or more separate elements; a mixture
Shows the elements present in a compound and their relative proportions.
Students will consider the Sun as a source of energy that passes through ecosystems. Materials including carbon and water are continually recycled by the living world, being released through respiration of animals, plants and decomposing microorganisms and taken up by plants in photosynthesis. All species live in ecosystems composed of complex communities of animals and plants dependent on each other and that are adapted to particular conditions, both abiotic and biotic. These ecosystems provide essential services that support human life and continued development. In order to continue to benefit from these services humans need to engage with the environment in a sustainable way. In this section we will explore how humans are threatening biodiversity as well as the natural systems that support it. We will also consider some actions we need to take to ensure our future health, prosperity and well-being.
Shows how food chains in an ecosystem are linked.
An individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form.
A series of organisms each dependent on the next as a source of food.
A pyramid of biomass is a better diagram to use. A pyramid of biomass shows the total mass of organisms at each stage of a food chain. In general, all producers have a higher biomass than the primary consumer, so a pyramid will always be produced.
(of a material, substance, or by-product) Eliminated or discarded as no longer useful or required after the completion of a process.
(in living organisms and cells) The process of eliminating or expelling waste matter.
The act or process of discharging undigested or waste material from a cell or organism; specifically : defecation.
The state or process of rotting; decay.
The function or position of a species within an ecological community. A species niche includes the physical environment to which it has become adapted as well as its role as producer and consumer of food resources.
Each of a number of small areas of habitat, typically of one square metre, selected at random to act as samples for assessing the local distribution of plants or animals.
Students will prepare for the year 10 mock papers by revising the units taught to them in year 9. Relevant year 10 units are to be revised for homework.
The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of the leaf
Increase in speed or rate
Carbon dioxide is a colourless, odourless gas found in our atmosphere. Its chemical formula is CO2, which means it is one carbon atom bonded to two oxygen atoms. It is a waste product in our bodies, and is also produced by burning fossil fuels.
The amount of energy reactant particles require in order to collide successfully and form the product(s) of a reaction.
Shows the elements present in a compound and their relative proportions.
The variety of living things. It is measured as the differences between individuals of the same species, or the number of different species in an ecosystem.
In the final term of the year students will build on prior knowledge of Biology Combined Science; B1 cells. Students following the Trilogy science pathway will be introduced to a higher level of demand. Those who are continuing with the separate science route will go on to learn about culturing microorganisms and investigating the affects of antiseptics on bacterial growth.
Tissue found inside some bones where new blood cells are made.
A dense organelle present in most eukaryotic cells, typically a single rounded structure bounded by a double membrane, containing the genetic material.
The semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.
A unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.
A layer lying outside the cell membrane that provides structure to plant, fungi and bacteria cells.
Bacteria are microscopic living organisms, usually one-celled, that can be found everywhere. They can be dangerous, such as when they cause infection, or beneficial, as in the process of fermentation (such as in wine) and that of decomposition.
In the final term of the year students will build on prior knowledge of Physics Combined Science; P1 cells. Students following the Trilogy science pathway will be introduced to a higher level of demand. Those who are continuing with the separate science route will go on to learn about factors affecting thermal insulation.
Something which changes the shape of objects and changes the way they are moving.
A fundamental principle of physics: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only stored, transferred or dissipated. This means that the total energy of a closed system is constant.
Concerned with, operating by, or producing electricity.
Elastic potential energy is Potential energy stored as a result of deformation of an elastic object, such as the stretching of a spring. It is equal to the work done to stretch the spring, which depends upon the spring constant k as well as the distances
Movement towards or attraction to something.
The electrical resistance of a circuit component or device is defined as the ratio of the voltage applied to the electric current which flows through it.
In the final term of the year students will build on the prior knowledge of Chemistry Combined Science; C1 Atomic structure and the periodic table.Trilogy students will be introduced to a higher level of demand. Those who are continuing with the separate science route will go on to learn about the chemical and physical properties of transition metals.
Contains genetic material (DNA) which controls the cell's activities.
Shows all the elements arranged in rows and columns.
The basic “building block” of an element which cannot be chemically broken down.
A fundamental principle of physics: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only stored, transferred or dissipated. This means that the total energy of a closed system is constant.
Negatively charged sub-atomic particle with negligible mass.
The amount of energy reactant particles require in order to collide successfully and form the product(s) of a reaction.
Force that holds atoms together in molecules.
Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.