Science - Year 11

Science Overview

Terms 1 and 2: Paper 2 Biology revision + separate science content

During terms 3 and 4 students will develop their understanding and revise the topics in Paper 2; B5 Homeostasis, B6 Inheritance and B7 Ecology. Students undertaking the separate science pathway will additionally be taught about plant hormones and the effect of light and gravity on plant growth.

  1. Combined Science Biology Paper 2: 1h15 70 marks

    Separate Science Biology Paper 2: 1h45 100 marks

Anaerobic

Relating to or requiring an absence of free oxygen.

Aerobic

Relating to or denoting exercise taken to improve the efficiency of the body's cardiovascular system in absorbing and transporting oxygen.

Energy

Power derived from the utilisation of physical or chemical resources, especially to provide light and heat or to work machines.

Debt

Owing something

Oxygen

Oxygen is an element with the chemical symbol O and atomic number 8. Oxygen is a very reactive element that easily forms compounds such as oxides. Under standard temperature and pressure conditions two oxygen atoms join to form dioxygen (O2), a colourless

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon dioxide is a colourless, odourless gas found in our atmosphere. Its chemical formula is CO2, which means it is one carbon atom bonded to two oxygen atoms. It is a waste product in our bodies, and is also produced by burning fossil fuels.

Recovery

A return to a normal state of health, mind, or strength.

Concentration

In chemistry, the number of molecules or ions in a given volume of a substance, expressed as moles of solute per litre of solution (molarity).

Metabolism

The complex of physical and chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life. In metabolism some substances are broken down to yield energy for vital processes.

Nutrition

Nutritional Science is the study of the effects of food components on the metabolism, health, performance and disease resistance of human and animals. It also includes the study of human behaviors related to food choices.

Homeostasis

The tendency towards a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes.

Vasodilation

The widening of blood vessels.

Hypoglycaemia

Abnormally low blood sugar levels

Vasoconstriction

The narrowing of blood vessels.

Receptor

A sensor that detects a stimulus.

Gland

An organ that secretes hormones.

Stimulus

A change in a condition that the body can detect.

Response

A corrective change that brings the bodily condition back to the normal level.

Effector

A neuron or organ that brings about a corrective change

Hypothermia

An abnormally low body temperature.

Hormone

A chemical messenger that travels in the bloodstream.

Glucagon

A hormone which acts to increase blood sugar levels.

Insulin

A hormone which acts to lower blood glucose levels

Gene

A unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.

Inheritance

The genetic characters transmitted from parent to offspring, taken collectively.

Asexual

(reproduction) Not involving the fusion of gametes.

Sexual

Of, relating to, or involving the union of male and female gametes.

reproduction

The production of offspring by a sexual or asexual process.

Selection

A process in which environmental or genetic influences determine which types of organism thrive better than others, regarded as a factor in evolution.

Breeding

The mating and production of offspring by animals.

Mutation

The changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form which may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes.

Evolution

The process by which different kinds of living organism are believed to have developed from earlier forms during the history of the earth.

Food web

Shows how food chains in an ecosystem are linked.

Organism

An individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form.

Food chain

A series of organisms each dependent on the next as a source of food.

Pyramid of biomass

A pyramid of biomass is a better diagram to use. A pyramid of biomass shows the total mass of organisms at each stage of a food chain. In general, all producers have a higher biomass than the primary consumer, so a pyramid will always be produced.

Waste

(of a material, substance, or by-product) Eliminated or discarded as no longer useful or required after the completion of a process.

Excretion

(in living organisms and cells) The process of eliminating or expelling waste matter.

Egestion

The act or process of discharging undigested or waste material from a cell or organism; specifically : defecation.

Decomposition

The state or process of rotting; decay.

Niche

The function or position of a species within an ecological community. A species niche includes the physical environment to which it has become adapted as well as its role as producer and consumer of food resources.

Quadrat

Each of a number of small areas of habitat, typically of one square metre, selected at random to act as samples for assessing the local distribution of plants or animals.

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Terms 1 and 2: Paper 2 Physics revision + separate science content

During terms 3 and 4 students will revise the topics in Paper 2; P5 Forces, P6 Waves and P7 Magnetism and electromagnetism

Students undertaking the separate science pathway will additionally be taught about Moments, levers and gears, pressure, momentum, Lenses, black body radiation, visible light, induced potential, transformers and the national grid.

In addition there is a complete topic to be taught to students taking separate sciences; P8 Space. This topic requires students to know the structure of the solar system, the stability of orbital motions of satellites and red-shift.

  1. Combined Science Physics Paper 2: 1h15 70 marks

    Separate Science Physics Paper 2: 1h45 100 marks

Amplitude

The maximum displacement of a wave from its undisturbed (equilibrium) position.

Angle of Incidence

The angle between the incident ray and normal

Angle of Reflection

The angle between the reflected ray and normal.

Black

An object will appear black if it absorbs all wavelengths of radiation incident on it.

Diffuse Reflection

Reflection from a rough surface that results in scattering.

Electromagnetic Waves

Transverse waves that transfer energy from the source of the waves, to an absorber. They form a continuous spectrum of different frequencies and all travel at the same speed in a vacuum.

Frequency

The number of waves passing a given point in a second. It is the inverse of the wave’s period.

Hertz

The unit of frequency.

Human Hearing

Humans can hear sounds in the frequency range of 20Hz to 20kHz.

nfrared Radiation

A type of radiation that all objects emit and absorb. The hotter an object is, the greater the infrared radiation it emits in a given time.

Ionising Radiation

Radiation that can cause the mutation of genes and cause cancer. X-rays and gamma rays are both forms of ionising radiation.

Microwaves

Used for satellite communications and for cooking food.

Normal

The normal is an imaginary reference line that is constructed perpendicular to a boundary at the point that the wave intercepts it.

Radio Waves

Used for television and radio signals. They can be produced by oscillations in electrical circuits.

Specular Reflection

Reflection from a smooth surface, in a single direction.

Transverse Waves

Waves with oscillations that are perpendicular to the direction of travel/energy transfer.

Ultraviolet

Used in energy efficient lamps and for sun tanning.

Visible Light

The only type of electromagnetic radiation that our eyes can detect. It is used for fibre optic communications.

Wave Speed

The speed at which energy is transferred through the medium. It is equal to the product of the wave’s wavelength and frequency.

Wavelength

The distance from a point on one wave to the same point on the adjacent wave (ie. peak to peak or trough to trough).

White

An object will appear white if it emits all wavelengths equally.

Electromagnet

A soft metal core made into a magnet by the passage of electric current through a coil surrounding it.

Attraction

The electric or magnetic force that acts between oppositely charged bodies, tending to draw them together.

Repulsion

The force that acts between bodies of like electric charge or magnetic polarity, tending to separate them.

Current

The time rate of flow of electric charge, in the direction that a positive moving charge would take and having magnitude equal to the quantity of charge per unit time: measured in amperes.

Magnetic flux density

The strength of a magnetic field.

Magnetic field

Region in which magnetic materials feel a force.

Motor

Machine that changes electrical energy into kinetic energy through the process of the motor effect

Solenoid

Long coil of wire. Has the same shaped magnetic field as a bar magnet.

Commutator

The device on a motor that reverses the current in the coil every half a turn so that the motor keeps spinning in one direction.

Air resistance

The force on an object moving through the air that causes it to slow down (also known as drag).

Balanced

Forces acting on an object that are the same size but act in opposite directions.

Extension

The amount by which an object gets longer when a force is applied.

Gravity

A non-contact force that acts between two masses.

Mass

The amount of matter (particles) a thing is made up of.

Newtonmeter

A piece of equipment used to measure force in newtons.

Non-contact force

A force that acts between objects that are not touching.

Unbalanced

When forces on an object are opposite and unequal.

Upthrust

The force on an object in a liquid or gas that pushes up.

Weight

The amount of force with which gravity pulls something towards the Earth.

Resultant force

The overall force on an object, thinking about direction.

Acceleration

Speeding up.

Deceleration

Slowing down.

Stationary

Not moving, still.

Constant speed

Same speed, not getting faster or slower.

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Terms 1 and 2: Paper 2 Chemistry revision + separate science content

During terms 3 and 4 students will develop their understanding and revise the topics in Paper 2; C6 Rate and extent of chemical change, C7 Organic Chemistry, C8 Chemical analysis, C9 The atmosphere and C10 using resources.

Students undertaking the separate science pathway will additionally be taught about the reactions of alkenes and alcohols, identification of common ions, the use of specific materials and the Haber process.

  1. Combined Science Chemistry Paper 2: 1h15 70 marks

    Separate Science Chemistry Paper 2: 1h45 100 marks

Reversible

(of the effects of a process or condition) Capable of being reversed so that the previous state is restored.

Activation energy

The amount of energy reactant particles require in order to collide successfully and form the product(s) of a reaction.

Irreversible

Not able to be undone or altered.

Reactant

A substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction.

Reaction

A chemical process in which substances act mutually on each other and are changed into different substances, or one substance changes into other substances.

Product

A substance that is formed when two or more chemicals react. When a chemical reaction takes place, a new substance is often created from the atoms or molecules of the original substances. There are often multiple products formed in a reaction.

Chromatography

The separating of the components of a mixture based on their solubility.

Analyse

Examine (something) methodically and in detail, typically in order to explain and interpret it.

Collision

When two particles hit each other.

Successful collision

A collision between reactant particles which results in products being formed.

Atmosphere

The envelope of gases surrounding the earth or another planet.

Fuel

Fuel such as coal, wood, oil, or gas provides energy when burned. Compounds in the body such as glucose are broken down into simpler compounds to provide energy for metabolic processes.

Recycle

Return (material) to a previous stage in a cyclic process; re-use.

Sustainability

Able to be maintained at a certain rate or level.

Energy

In physics, the ability to do work. Objects can have energy by virtue of their motion (kinetic energy), by virtue of their position (potential energy),

Pollution

The presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance which has harmful or poisonous effects.

Polymer

A substance which has a molecular structure built up chiefly or completely from a large number of similar units bonded together, e.g. many synthetic organic materials used as plastics and resins.

Covalent bond

A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

Cracking

Cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules such as kerogens or long chain hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules such as light hydrocarbons,

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Terms 3 and 4: Paper 1 Chemistry revision + separate science content

Having revised topic C1 in term 6 of year 10, students will revise the rest of the topics required for paper 1 over terms 1 and 2; C2 Structure, bonding and properties, C3 Quantitative Chemistry, C4 Chemical changes and C5 Energy changes.

Students undertaking the separate science pathway will additionally be taught about the bulk surface properties of matter, percentage yield and atom economy, titrations as a method to calculate reacting quantities and fuel cells.

  1. Combined Science Chemistry Paper 1: 1h15 70 marks

    Separate Science Chemistry Paper 1: 1h45 100 marks

Atom

The smallest particle of a chemical element that can exist.

Element

A substance made out of only one type of atom.

Compound

Pure substances made up of two or more elements strongly joined together.

Mixture

The combination of different compounds that are not chemically combined.

Proton

Small positive particle found in the nucleus of an atom.

Electron

Small negatively charged particle within an atom that orbit the nucleus.

Neutron

A small particle which does not have a charge and found in the nucleus of an atom.

Ion

A charged particle (can be positive or negative).

Isotope

Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Formulae

A concise way of expressing information symbolically using mathematical or chemical formulae.

Ionic bond

A chemical bond between two ions of opposite charges.

Covalent bond

Bonds between atoms where some of the electrons are shared.

Metallic bond

The bond between close-packed metal ions due to delocalised electrons.

Delocalised electrons

Electrons which are free to move away through a collection of ions – as in a metal.

Intermolecular force

A force between different molecules.

Atmosphere

The envelope of gases surrounding the earth or another planet.

Fuel

Fuel such as coal, wood, oil, or gas provides energy when burned. Compounds in the body such as glucose are broken down into simpler compounds to provide energy for metabolic processes.

Recycle

Return (material) to a previous stage in a cyclic process; re-use.

Sustainability

Able to be maintained at a certain rate or level.

Energy

In physics, the ability to do work. Objects can have energy by virtue of their motion (kinetic energy), by virtue of their position (potential energy),

Pollution

The presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance which has harmful or poisonous effects.

Polymer

A substance which has a molecular structure built up chiefly or completely from a large number of similar units bonded together, e.g. many synthetic organic materials used as plastics and resins.

Covalent bond

A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

Cracking

Cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules such as kerogens or long chain hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules such as light hydrocarbons,

Chemical reaction

A change in which a new substance is formed.

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Terms 3 and 4: Paper 1 Biology revision + separate science content

Having revised topic B1 in term 6 of year 10, students will revise the rest of the topics required for paper 1 over terms 1 and 2; B2 Organisation, B3 Infection and response and B4 Bioenergetics.

Students undertaking the separate science pathway will additionally be taught about monoclonal antibodies and plant disease.

  1. Combined Science Biology Paper 1: 1h15 70 marks

    Separate Science Biology Paper 1: 1h45 100 marks

Nucleus

An organelle that controls the cell and contains the genetic information.

Cell Membrane

A layer around the cell which helps control substances entering and leaving the cell.

Cytoplasm

The material within a living cell where the majority of chemical reactions take place.

Chloroplast

A cell structure found in green plants that contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

Cell Wall

A layer lying outside the cell membrane that provides structure to plant, fungi and bacteria cells.

Prokaryotic Cells

Single cells of bacteria and Archaeans with DNA found in a loop not enclosed in a nucleus.

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells from eukaryotes that have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material enclosed in a nucleus.

Specialised

When cells or tissues become adapted to carry out their specific function.

Mitosis

Cell division that results in genetically identical diploid cells.

Osmosis

The process whereby water moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.

Stem Cells

Unspecialised body cells (found in bone marrow) that can develop into other, specialised cells that the body needs.

Respiration

The process used by all organisms to release the energy they need from food.

Active Transport

The movement of substances from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution against a concentration gradient, requiring energy from respiration.

Enzymes

Biological catalysts, usually proteins.

Bacteria

Bacteria are microscopic living organisms, usually one-celled, that can be found everywhere. They can be dangerous, such as when they cause infection, or beneficial, as in the process of fermentation (such as in wine) and that of decomposition.

Pathogen

A bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.

Fungus

Any of a group of unicellular, multicellular, or syncytial spore-producing organisms feeding on organic matter, including moulds, yeast, mushrooms, and toadstools.

Contagious

Spread from one person or organism to another, typically by direct contact.

Multiply

Increase or cause to increase greatly in number or quantity.

Respiration

A process in living organisms involving the production of energy, typically with the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex organic substances.

Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a by-product.

Glucose

A simple sugar which is an important energy source in living organisms and is a component of many carbohydrates.

Oxygen

A colourless, odourless reactive gas, the chemical element of atomic number 8 and the life-supporting component of the air.

Anaerobic

Relating to or requiring an absence of free oxygen.

Aerobic

Relating to or denoting exercise taken to improve the efficiency of the body's cardiovascular system in absorbing and transporting oxygen.

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Terms 3 and 4: Paper 1 Physics revision + separate science Content

Having revised topic P1 in term 6 of year 10, students will revise the rest of the topics required for paper 1 over terms 1 and 2; P2 Electricity, P3 Particle model of matter and P4 Atomic structure.

Students undertaking the separate science pathway will additionally be taught about static electricity, pressure in gases, hazards and uses of radioactive emissions and Nuclear fission and fusion.

  1. Combined Science Physics Paper 1: 1h15 70 marks

    Separate Science Physics Paper 1: 1h45 100 marks

Potential Energy

Energy associated with an object because of its position or the arrangement of the particles of a system.

Kinetic energy

Energy an object has because of its movement; kinetic energy is greater for objects with greater mass or higher speed.

Specific Heat Capacity

The energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1⁰C.

Efficiency

Useful output energy transfer divided by the total input energy transfer – may be expressed as a percentage or as a decimal.

Renewable

A source of energy that can be replaced or reused over a short time.

Non-renewable

A source of energy used by humans that will eventually run out.

Conservation of energy

A fundamental principle of physics: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only stored, transferred or dissipated. This means that the total energy of a closed system is constant.

Waves

In physics, any regularly recurring event, such as surf coming in toward a beach, that can be thought of as a disturbance moving through a medium. Waves are characterized by wavelength, frequency, and the speed at which they move.

Transverse

A wave that oscillates perpendicular to the axis along which the wave travels. Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves, since the electric and magnetic fields oscillate at a right angle to the direction of motion.

Longitudinal

Running lengthwise rather than across.

Electrical conductor

A material that allows current to flow through it easily, and has a low resistance.

Electrical insulator

A material that does not allow current to flow easily, and has a high resistance.

In series

If components in a circuit are on the same loop.

In parallel

If some components are on separate loops.

Energy

Power derived from the utilisation of physical or chemical resources, especially to provide light and heat or to work machines.

Current

A flow of electricity which results from the ordered directional movement of electrically charged particles.

voltage

An electromotive force or potential difference expressed in volts.

Electron

A stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity, found in all atoms and acting as the primary carrier of electricity in solids.

Resistance

A property of a component, making it difficult for charge to pass through, in ohms (Ω).

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Develop the individual:

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